Any aspiring musician needs to know the basics of music copyright law. Musicians who work hard at their art risk loss of credit to music thieves unless they learn how to protect themselves and their creations.
Here are eight basic facts about copyright law every musician should know:
1. Copyright protection is present at the creation
The moment you create your music is the moment copyright protection begins. Creation occurs when music and/or lyrics are recorded, set to paper, or otherwise "fixed in a tangible form," according to the U.S. Copyright Office.
2. To protect a copyright, the owner should register
While the copyright is formed when you create, you need more to go to court to enforce your rights. In order to sue and claim damages, creators must own a copyright registered with the US Copyright Office.
3. A copyright establishes various rights for the owner
Some rights established by ownership of a copyright include the following:
- To reproduce the work
- To adapt or arrange the work
- To perform the work
- To display, distribute, and/or sell copies of the work
- To incorporate the work with visual images
- To license others to do any of the things listed above
4. Protection is for more than a lifetime
Generally, for published works created after Jan. 1, 1978, copyright extends for 70 years beyond the life of the author. If there is more than one author, the copyright usually extends to 70 years from the death of the last living author.
When musicians create work for corporations or limited liability companies, this is considered "work for hire," and the corporations or limited liability companies are the owners of the copyright for 95 years from its first publication or for 120 years from the year of its creation, whichever expires first.
5. For copyright purposes, a sound recording is separate from a composition
Generally sound recordings are copyrighted separately from the copyright of a musical composition as they are not considered the same work under copyright law.
6. Published and unpublished musical works may be copyrighted
Work does not have to be published anywhere in order to be copyrighted; even unpublished works are eligible for copyright protection.
7. Special rules apply to those who want to perform cover versions of copyrighted songs
For those who want to perform a cover version of a copyrighted song, set rates must be paid to the copyright owner to acquire "mechanical rights" to use the music. The current rates are set by the U.S. Copyright Office, but you may also go through a private, non-profit organization called the Harry Fox Agency, which simplifies the licensing exchange.
8. "Poor Man's Copyright" isn't good copyright protection.
You may have heard that you can establish the date of creation for copyright law purposes by mailing yourself a copy of the work and keeping it in a sealed envelope; this is often called "Poor Man's Copyright."
In reality, this evidence is not likely to prove useful in a future copyright case. The best advice is to go through the copyright registration process for complete protection.
